Gambling involves an exchange of money for a good or service whose outcome is determined at least partly by chance. It is a form of recreation that can be fun and exciting, but it can also lead to problems. Some people who gamble have trouble controlling their spending and may become addicted. Problem gambling can be devastating for families and friends, and it can have a serious impact on an individual’s life.
The prevalence of gambling disorders varies by age, gender, and family history. In general, younger people and men are more likely to develop a problem than older adults or women. In addition, people with a family history of gambling disorder or depression are at greater risk for developing a gambling disorder.
Understanding why and how gambling is addictive can help in developing prevention and treatment strategies, including identifying risk factors and warning signs. Many types of counseling and therapy can be helpful in addressing gambling addiction, including cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy. In addition, a 12-step program based on the model of Alcoholics Anonymous can be an effective approach to recovery.
Several factors make some people more susceptible to developing a gambling disorder, including having a family history of gambling disorder, being male, and starting gambling during early childhood or the teenage years. In addition, gambling tends to be more prevalent among lower-income people who have the most to gain from a large win and are at greatest risk of becoming compulsive gamblers.
In the past, individuals who had a difficult time controlling their gambling behavior were often viewed as having psychiatric problems or moral turpitude. This perception has shifted significantly. Today, understanding and treating pathological gambling has been elevated to the status of an illness that can be compared to other mental health disorders such as substance use disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1980, 1987, 1994).
Researchers have suggested various theories about how some people are more vulnerable to becoming compulsive gamblers. These include a reward deficiency syndrome, a biopsychosocial model, and the moral theory. These models have potential implications for intervention and public policy.
To reduce the chances of a gambling problem, you should only gamble with money you can afford to lose and avoid using credit cards. If you are having a problem, seek help immediately. Never hide your gambling activities or lie about them. Never think you can make up for lost money by gambling more, or “chase your losses.” This is the gambler’s fallacy—it is an illusion that you will suddenly get lucky and recoup your losses. Instead, try a new hobby, spend time with supportive friends or family, or join a peer support group such as Gamblers Anonymous. A sponsor—a former gambler with experience overcoming their addiction—can provide invaluable guidance and support.